After ten years, the cars that consumers drive will be very different from the cars they drive on the road today. The main difference is that future cars will use more electronic components, making cars safer, more energy efficient, and more fun to drive. This article refers to the address: http:// Along with the increase in electronic components, the processing capacity of automobiles will also increase accordingly, which will lead to greater demand for components. According to Texas Instruments, the cost of semiconductor devices in each car is about $250. As a result, the car has become an important target area for the company's analog chip sales strategy. However, the automotive environment is very strict with electronic devices. Tony Armstrong, product marketing manager for Linear Technology (LTC), points out that for automotive electronics systems, wide operating voltage requirements, high transient voltages and wide temperature drift are very demanding challenges. Therefore, as the number of electronic components used in automobiles increases, the space occupation requirement is lowered. And efficiency becomes a more critical factor. As a result, analog device manufacturers are customizing a range of devices from LED drivers to switching regulators to meet automotive OEM requirements. These requirements include wide input voltage operating range; high energy efficiency over a wide load range, low quiescent current during normal operation, standby and shutdown; low thermal resistance; lowest noise and EMI emissions; and wide operating temperature range. Linear Technology, TI, National Semiconductor (NSC) and CatalystSemico Companies such as nductor are racing to market analog chips that meet these specifications while still complying with the space constraints of the automotive environment. Switching Regulator vs. Linear Regulator LTC's Armstrong believes that it is impractical to use a linear regulator to drive the system voltage at low output and medium current levels. He said that in this application, thermal limitations make it necessary to replace the linear regulator with a switching regulator. “Although switching regulators generate more noise than linear regulators, they are much more efficient,†explains Armstrong. “As long as the switches operate as expected, the noise and EMI levels in many sensitive applications can be controlled. If the switching regulator is switched at a constant frequency in standard mode and the edges of the switch are neat, predictable, and without overshoot, the frequency distribution will be small and tight, minimizing EMI emissions." Switching regulators for automotive applications need to be able to operate over a wide input voltage range of 3V to 60V. Armstrong said that the 60V rated voltage provides a good margin for a 14V system that typically clamps in the 36V to 40V range. Linear Technology recently introduced the H-class LT3437 step-down switching regulator. The device operates from a 3.3V to 60V continuous input and is capable of withstanding transients up to 80V. Its 500mA internal switch provides up to 400mA of continuous output current at voltages as low as 1.25V. When operating in burst mode, it reduces unloaded quiescent current to less than 100mA, maximizing battery life in normal startup applications. The H-grade LT3437 device operates at a junction temperature of 140 °C, while the E- and I-class models operate at a maximum junction temperature of 125 °C. Other features include a shutdown current of less than 1mA, a switching frequency of 200kHz, a soft-start function, and a saturation switch design with a 0.8Ω on-resistance. Figure: This 200kHz monolithic step-down switching regulator operates from a 3.3V to 60V continuous input and can withstand transient voltages up to 80V, making it ideal for automotive applications. In terms of switching regulators, TI also introduced the TPIC74100-Q1 device with buck/boost function. The device allows the user to expand the input voltage range even beyond the device's output voltage. This feature ensures full operation during low temperature cold start operation of the car, such as when starting the engine. Other features of the device include low standby current, high efficiency, and input voltage capability up to 45V. In addition to switching regulators, linear regulators are part of TI's automotive device portfolio. The TLE4275-Q1 linear regulator provides low quiescent current, helping customers save batteries in applications that require power even when the car is not driving. Power consumption. To drive high-brightness LEDs in buck applications, CatalystSemiconductor has developed a buck converter that can replace linear regulators and is simpler and smaller. The CAT4201 is packaged in a T-SOT-23 package that can drive high-brightness 350mA LEDs with up to 94% efficiency. The CAT4201 uses Catalyst's switch control algorithm, which is said to reduce system complexity and increase efficiency. It uses RSET control resistors to preset the adjustable LED current up to 350mA at up to 24V supply voltage, providing better sensor control without the need for a dedicated heat sink. The built-in load pump protection allows for safe handling of 40V transients, optimizing the performance of the CAT4201 in automotive lighting and lighting applications including turn signals, brake lights and map reading lights. . Analog ICs in LED Lighting Applications Mark Gary, product marketing manager for TI's Mixed-Signal Automotive Products Division, said that in automotive applications, LEDs are gradually replacing incandescent lamps with their advantages in brightness, reliability and design flexibility. Currently, in automotive electronics, TI offers solutions for a range of specific applications, from powertrains to brakes to infotainment systems. Solutions for applications ranging from power rails to brakes to audio infotainment due to brightness, reliability and design flexibility. According to Gary, "Depending on the application area in which LEDs are used, TI has a wide range of solutions, including constant current solutions that provide high efficiency and are independent of battery voltage variations (such as screen backlighting applications in infotainment applications). A solution that uses multiple colors to control multiple LEDs (such as car dashboard or car temperature control) via a serial interface." In general, TI's main components in LED lighting include the TPS61042 low-power DC/DC boost converter and the TLC59xx family of 8- and 16-bit constant current LED drivers. In addition, National Semiconductor also offers a range of high-brightness LED drivers. The LM3402 is said to achieve 95% efficiency and can drive currents up to 525mA. The LM3402 LED driver is available in two models that are available in a wide input voltage range of 6V to 42V or 6V to 75V. Its hysteresis control with on-time, coupled to external resistors allows the converter output voltage to be adjusted as needed to provide constant current drive for different numbers and types of serial and serial/parallel connected LED arrays. The analog chip manufacturer also offers its LM4562/LME49860 high-fidelity audio operational amplifiers for the automotive market, which can act as line drivers/receivers, active filters, buffers or preamplifiers. Among them, 34VLM4562 actually eliminates distortion by 0.00003% total harmonic distortion + noise (THD+N). 34V and 44V audio op amps provide key metrics for superior audio performance and signal conditioning, such as Noise density of 2.7nV/Hz, 1/f noise angle of 60Hz, and output drive of 600Ω. To ensure that the most challenging loads can be driven without performance tradeoffs, the National Half op amp offers a slope of 20V/ms and a gain bandwidth of 55MHz. The LME49860 has consistent gain stability over a supply voltage range of ±2.5V to 22V and provides 26mA of output current capability. In this power supply range, the amplifier maintains a common-mode rejection ratio and power supply rejection ratio of more than 120dB, and a typical low input bias current of 10nA. According to the country, the LME49860 can maintain high performance while driving capacitive loads up to 100pF.
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