A research company [1] predicts that the growth in solar installed capacity will likely reach a historic 25% in 2015; and global solar power generation will jump from 40 GW in 2014 to 50 GW. Among each solar energy harvester, one of the key terminal devices is the solar inverter. A solar inverter, or any device with similar functions, will receive a direct current (DC) input and convert it into an alternating current (AC) output for standard electrical and electronic components for residential or commercial use. Although it can be applied to any high-power DC source, the largest part of the inverter growth is still in the field of renewable energy, especially in the field of solar energy.

When installed in a home or company, the solar inverter can be connected to the grid to offset some of the energy consumption or, in some cases, even return energy to the grid. To achieve this, the AC output must be synchronized to the grid voltage or to meet specific safety requirements, such as turning off the AC output when the grid voltage disappears. We don't want workers to transmit electricity to the grid when they repair high-voltage lines after a storm.

Design your next inverter system

Traditionally, a series of solar panels have been connected to a string inverter. These inverters accept an input of approximately 600V DC (in the case of residential string inverters) equal to several kilowatts of solar installed capacity. For a solar power plant, an inverter needs to be of the right size, but the conversions are grouped together (central inverter) and, when properly designed, can make the entire solar collector system less expensive to install. Another topology is a solar micro-inverter that is sized to match a single solar panel, or approximately 200W to 300W. By step-by-step implementation of the inversion process, the solar array can accommodate a much more complex roof and enable smaller arrays to be installed, which typically do not reach the input voltage of the string inverter.

The core of these different types of solar inverters are several important subsystems:

Digital controller

A typical solar inverter consists of a full bridge connected to the grid for DC-AC and a DC-DC stage that is connected to the solar panel to enhance the inverter input voltage so that it can feed power into the grid. . The goal of a solar inverter is to extract maximum power from the solar panels and feed clean energy into the grid. To ensure this, the power stage voltage and current must be accurately sampled and pulse width modulation (PWM) needs to be accurately generated for the power switches in DC-AC and DC-DC. By sensing line load changes faster, a digital controller can be more efficient and have greater power density due to higher operating frequencies. In addition, because we are using a complete central processor component core, the numbers The controller can provide some additional functionality for system level integration.

isolation

Overcoming voltage limitations is a huge problem in many power electronic component designs. To sense and control these voltages, we use capacitive isolation devices. These devices enable high frequency signals to pass through the power boundary but block high voltage DC. This isolation technology has a long service life and low electromagnetic radiation, making it ideal for industrial applications. In these inverters, we also use an isolated power supply so that we can effectively power electronic components on the other side of the isolation boundary and power the high voltage MOSFETs and IGBTs to control the power path.

Gate driver

In order to control the power path, we use MOSFETs and IGBTs. These devices are designed to switch very high voltages and currents, making them ideal for digital buck converters in inverters. The key to using these devices is to drive them correctly. The input operates as a capacitor, and each time the FET is switched, the capacitor must be charged and discharged. When these devices are switched at the high speeds required by the inverter, several amps of current are required to drive them. If the switching speed is not fast enough, the efficiency of the conversion stage will be greatly lost. To achieve this, dedicated drivers can be used that convert the digital PWM from the controller to the current required by the FET.

One of the upcoming trends is the monitoring and control of energy production statistics for residential/commercial solar installations. In solar collector systems, adding low-power wireless connectivity standards such as ZigBee®, 6LowPAN, or wired communications such as power line communication (PLC) is becoming more common. Once connected to the backhaul network, the input is passed to the cloud and the user can easily view the data from anywhere. In addition, the communication system can be used for system monitoring and alerting the owner of any upcoming maintenance work.

Several new TI Designs reference designs help engineers speed time to market for solar designs. Be sure to check out the solar inverter page for solar inverter system solutions. In addition, check out our new “These Systems Are Our Life Is Simpler” training series; in this training series, you will have a more in-depth systematic discussion of your next solar inverter design and manufacturing.

Other resources:

Watch our systems to make our lives easier in the video series.

For more information, please visit our Solar String Inverter page.

Check out our solar microinverter block diagram.

Check out these TI Design reference designs:

C2000TM Solar DC/AC Single-Pole Inverter

C2000TM Solar DC/DC Converter Supporting Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)

Grid-connected solar micro-inverter supporting MPPT

Single pole inverter supporting voltage source and grid connection mode

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